Issues in Human Resource Strategies That Improve Organizational Performance free essay sample

A rapidly changing economic environment, characterized by such phenomena as the globalization, and deregulation of markets, changing customer and investor demands, and ever increasing product market competition, has become the norm for most organization. To compete, they must continually improve their performance by reducing costs; innovating products and processes; improving quality, productivity, and speed to market; and more importantly by improving their individual performance within the organization. In order to do this, a set of distinctive human resource strategies, defined as internally consistent bundles of human resource practices (Dyer Reeves, 1995), is clearly essential. Sparrow and Marchington (1998) suggested that HR practices are the most advanced, the most sophisticated, and the most efficient basis for organizing and for obtaining high performance from employees since it seeks to strategically integrate the interests of an organization and its employees. In addition, a number of studies have also indicated that there is a positive relationship between effective HR strategies and organizational performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Human Resource Strategies That Improve Organizational Performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Specifically, it is suggested that HR practices can improve organizational and operational performance when matched with quality manufacturing strategies (Stone, 2002). Nevertheless, despite the positive relationship found between HR practices and firm performance, there are a number of issues and questions surrounding them. One problem in relating HRM and performance is the lack of theoretical background; resulting in both terms remain ambiguous concepts. Other questions arise in relation with the link between HR strategies and performance are the inconsistent findings in regards to what constitutes a high performance HR strategy (Becker Gerhart, 1996; Cooke, 2001) and the problems with HRM and performance measurements (Guest et al. , 2003). The aim of this essay is to outline and explain the issues in developing human resource strategies that improve organizational performance. Specifically, the essay shall begin with presenting the issue of theoretical background of the concept of HRM and organizational performance. Subsequently, it shall discuss the issue about diversified strategies used to improve performance, and the problems in measuring HRM and performance. ?HRM and Organizational Performance: The Lack of Theoretical Background Guest (1997) pointed out that to improve our understanding of the impact of HRM on performance; we need a theory about HRM, a theory about performance, and a theory about how they are linked. Unfortunately, there has been a great deal of debates amongst leading researchers and practitioners about the concept and contributions of HRM practice in managing employees in overall organizational objectives (Loosemore, Dainty Lingard, 2003; Analoui, 1998; Sparrow Marchington, 1998). McCarthy and Stone (1986) argued that the concept of HRM is ambiguous and that its contribution to organizational performance remains unclear and is not well understood. In addition, Sparrow and Marchington (1998) pointed out that rather than adding value to the business through its strategic integration with managerial objectives, HRM can remain a disappointingly mechanistic function. Similarly, there is no universal theory about performance (Guest, 1997). It was proposed that the meaning of performance involves two dimensions; the types of criteria and the weight of each. Organizations have different interpretations of performance according to the sector of their industries. Service providers, for example, might consider customer satisfaction as their top performance indicator, while manufacturers might view inventory level as an important criterion to measure their performance level. In addition, some organizations put financial results on top of their performance indicator list and employee’s job satisfaction at the bottom, but others may view this in the opposite position. As a result, it is hard, if not impossible, to define the concept of performance that applicable for all organizations. The impact of HR practices on firm performance is without a doubt an important topic in the fields of human resource management, industrial relations, and industrial and organizational psychology (Huselid, 1995; Jones Wright, 1992). This literature, although largely conceptual, concludes that HR practices can help to create a source of sustained competitive advantage, especially when they are aligned with a firm’s competitive strategy (Jackson Schuler, 1995; Wright McMahan, 1992, both as cited in Huselid, 1995). Specifically, a large majority of published studies found an association between HR practices and firm performance, regardless of whether they are cross-sectional or longitudinal, whether conducted at establishment or company level, whether based on strong performance data or subjective estimates, whatever sector they are based on, whatever operational definition of HRM is used, and wherever they are conducted (Guest et al. , 2003). Nevertheless, despite the positive thrust of most empirical findings, Wood and de Menezes (1998, as cited in Guest et al. 2003) failed to find consistent associations between HRM and performance. Furthermore, Wood (1999) has also argued that the relationship between HRM and performance is relatively weak. One possible explanation lies in the various contingency factors, other than HR activities, that might contribute to organizational performance such as organizational culture (Kotter Heskett, 1992; Van der Post et al. , 1998), business strategy (Richard Brown Johnson, 1999), and political considerations (Ferris et al. 1998). ?Improvement Strategies: Is There One Best Way? Much of the research on the link between HRM and firm performance has looked at single HR practice such as compensation or selection, while others attempted to look on the impact of combining different HR practices to improve firm performance (Becker Gerhart, 1996). Pfeffer (1998, as cited in Tyson, 1997), for instance, put forward a seven-principle best practice which he believed is universally applicable. The seven best practice HRM elements include; employment security, selective hiring, self managed teams, high compensation contingent on organizational performance, extensive training, reduction of status difference, and information sharing. Theoretically, bundling several HR practices should produce greater performance effects than any of the individual human practices (Dyer Reeves, 1995). However, in reality, there is no single standardized bundle of HR strategies that is universally applicable for all organizations. Each firm might require different bundles of HR strategies to improve its organizational performance.

Ethics of Memory Erasing Treatment Essay Example

Ethics of Memory Erasing Treatment Essay Example Ethics of Memory Erasing Treatment Essay Ethics of Memory Erasing Treatment Essay Whether it is postgraduates memories in a s older returning home from war, or a womans terrifying memory of her assault and rape at the e hands off violent an, many people live with horrible memories that they would benefit greatly from erasing. For much of history, this has only been a fantasy. However, recent developments have made this a possibility. While this technology could, and should, be used to help people us offering from postgraduates stress heal, it should be closely controlled. A study condo acted recently at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has s hon. that memories, even longer ones, can be erased through the use of HADDAM NIH option treatment (Tractor 1). HADDAM, Histories Decelerate 2, is a protein that plays a role in converting hornwort memories in the hippopotamus to longer memories stored in the cortex (MIM 1). Once the memory moves from the hippopotamus to the cortex, it is firmly inning aimed in the brain and is very hard to address using traditional psychotherapy technique uses. Howe ever, by inhibiting this protein through psychoactive drug treatment, memories can be transfer De from the cortex Strongman 2 back into short term memory in the hippopotamus (Tractor 1). Once the me Or-y is in the hippopotamus, it can be treated using traditional psychotherapeutic technique s to remove the negative association of the memory. HADDAM inhibitor drugs are currently FDA approved for use in certain cancer treatment techniques, making their approval for clinical trial s, and hopefully eventual market release much easier (Tractor 1). If everything goes well, these drugs could have the ability to remove traumatic, painful memories permanently from the min d. This ability would be very helpful in the treatment of sufferers of postgraduate c stress disorder. Soldiers returning from war often have terrible traumatic memories from their time in the service, and these memories can be triggered by activities, sounds, and eve ants in normal, everyday life. Living with postgraduates stress can be very difficult, as the debit litigating memories can be triggered at any time. Similarly, victims and witnesses Of horror rift crimes such as rapes, assaults, and murders can suffer the same postgraduates memories. According to the Mayo Clinic, sufferers of postgraduates stress disorder experience flashbacks, nightmares, severe emotional distress, depression, mood swings, and angry outbursts (OPT SD 1). These symptoms lead to a severe decrease in quality of life for sufferers, and often r ins the lives of those affected by it. Because postgraduates stress disorder can be so destructive to the lives of the SSE it affects, it would be the perfect target for HADDAM inhibition treatment. While s mom may argue that it would be unethical to artificially alter memory, in the context of those s offering from this disease, any moral ambiguities about removing the memories is far outweigh De by the drastic improvement in the quality of life that it would bring about for those affected. Removing these Strongman 3 memories, which cause legitimate medical suffering, is not only permissible, it would be required in cases Of severe postgraduates stress disorder. However, while the argument for use of this treatment for those severely fee acted by postgraduates stress is easily made, it should not be a treatment that is easily available to the public. While everyone has certain memories they would like to erase, almost all of these bad memories do not rise to the level of having a severe, negative impact on a per sons quality of life. While it would seem ideal for everyone to have only positive memories, the is would not be conducive to living a true life experience. While bad experiences, and the unplug asana memories they form, can seem unbearable at times, they are vital in growing as a peers n. While negative experiences arent anyones favorite, completely removing them from life expo eeriness would be dyspepsia. Like in Lois Lowry The Giver , living without any negative memories would be like living life in black and white. As with most things in life, the ethical nature of these situations is a dynamic, fluid one. Deciding which memories have a sufficiently detrimental effect on the suffer deeds quality of life to make memory erasure ethical is a very subjective process. Firstly, the me ROR would have to have been caused by an extraordinarily traumatic event, such as being involve De in a roadside ambush in Afghanistan or being a victim of sexual assault. The victim would al so have to be medically diagnosed with severe postgraduates stress disorder, and would ha eve to demonstrate that the condition caused a significant detriment to his or her quality of life. O once all of these conditions could be demonstrably met, the person would be eligible to receive e the memory erasing treatment. This process would inevitably be long but would hopefully prevent the Strongman 4 treatment from being abused by those looking to escape small problems thro ugh medication, and would help to prevent abuse. Memory erasure treatment could be a lifesaving innovation for those people suffering from postgraduates stress disorder and its myriad of debilitating symptoms. It could prevent the countless suicides that occur each year as a result of the suffering caused by postgraduates stress disorder. However, it could also be abused by those looking to escape the SMS all problems of the world through prescription drug abuse.

The Homeless Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Homeless - Assignment Example In addition, homelessness can be caused by mental disorders, drug abuse and discrimination by the society due to certain reasons like sexual orientation. Some other people find themselves homeless owing to domestic violence, mortgage foreclosures, eviction by tenants and forced expulsion by government in order to set the land aside for other developments. The problem of homelessness was not existent in pre-historic times. Initially, human beings lived in traditional shelters such as caves, huts, and tents. Building these structures was easy and everyone could afford a dwelling because natural building materials were readily available and almost everyone knew how to build. However, during the modern times, the art of building became professional and expensive. Many individuals migrated to urban areas during the industrial revolution. Increased homelessness occurred because of higher land and house prices and strict housing codes. People who were unable to pay the exorbitant rental fees were evicted and, therefore, became homeless. Around 1500s, the homeless in England were punished because they were seen as unauthorized beggars. However, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, they provided them with housing and training for jobs, instead of punishment in order to prevent them from over-relying on the state. The homeless people on the s treets in the United States increased after the American civil war (Bloom, 2005). More people were left homeless in the 1930s because of the Great Depression, which also resulted in increased poverty. In the 1970s, the homeless population increased due to de-institutionalization of people with mental illnesses. The psychiatric, outpatient, and social services that were promised to these people were not provided and, consequently, most of them ended up being homeless. In the 1980s, the number of homeless people increased

Human rights cannot be both universal and political. Discuss Essay - 1

Human rights cannot be both universal and political. Discuss - Essay Example The fact whether human rights can be both universal and political, or not has engendered lots of heated arguments so far. Most of these arguments spring from the concerns of individuals’ religious, cultural, social perspectives with what they consider to be rights of human beings. But in one age or place what was considered by the people to be a valid right of human beings, appeared to be invalid and oppressive in others; therefore they were amended and also changed. The concept of rights varied from place to place, age to age, culture to culture, by the geo-cultural variables. As a result the universality of human rights is questioned and often tried to be explained from a narrow political and culturally relativistic view (Cohen 1989, pp.1014-1017). But a holistic approach is made to address both the universal and the socio-political view of rights. In the context of human right movement of modern time, the universality of human right has been the most tried matter in order t o enhance its applicability in a global framework. Consequently an endeavor to procure a universalized view of human right is significantly remarkable in the definitions of the scholars at the forth part of modern human right movement. This paper will focus light on the reasonability of arguments and counter arguments on the topic whether human rights cannot be both universal and political and attempt to retrieve a conclusion on the possibility of drawing a mutual line between the two. The idea of universality of human right is prompted first by the prominent European philosophers such as Grotius, Hobbes and Locke (Rayner n.d.). But internationally it was introduced immediately after the Second World War. As Gà ¶rkem Birinci â€Å"Human rights were brought into the focus immediately after the Second World War with the establishment of the United Nations† (n.d., p. 1). This universality is asserted on the foundations

Social issue that is arguable( I leave here open to let you selcet the Research Paper

Social issue that is arguable( I leave here open to let you selcet the topic) - Research Paper Example The situation in USA is alarming with two thirds of the adults’ population being described as either obese or overweight, while childhood obesity almost tripled in the past three decades (Kalaidis, theweek.com). FAO ranks USA second after Brazil with 31.8 percent of adults being obese (Kalaidis, theweek.com). The developing and persistent problem has led to the obesity and overweight conditions been referred to as ‘the white man problems.’ Perhaps because of the duration the problems have remained in the western world. As of 2013, statistics indicated that 23.9 million children were obese or overweight, approximately 5 times more compared to the 1970s, and 154.7 million adults in the situation, which has more than doubled after the 70s (American Heart Association, Heart.org). This speculation is arguably not a fact; most people in poor African and Asian nation struggle with these diseases. Past research indicate that â€Å"nutrition transition had been accelerating in developing nation, with an increasing trend in energy intake, especially from high energy density, high fat and low fiber diets, which is as a result of income changes that affect their dietary behavior, causing the burden of diseases related to poor diets shift more to the poor† (Du et al. 1512). Itâ₠¬â„¢s quite rampant in the famous sub Saharan regions where hunger and STDs have dominated. In fact the obesity situation is said to almost outdo the hunger crisis. This paper argues that the solution to preventing diseases caused by obesity and overweight does not lie within the taxation policies, but requires set of combined measures to assist the population in healthy consumption. It evaluates food taxes effectiveness, resulting implications and complexity of the policy. Governments across the world have deployed diverse measures in fight against obesity and overweight diet related

One set of Global Accounting Standards Good idea

One set of Global Accounting Standards Good idea The US GAAP has influenced accounting standards in many countries. A decade ago, some still expected that it would eventually become globally accepted but in recent times, this is not likely because there has been a distinctive global shift towards the use of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the past few years. Many nations such as Japan, China and India have active programs designed to achieve convergence with IFRS for financial reporting purposes and more than 100 nations either require or permit the use of IFRS for financial reporting and is likely that it will soon become globally accepted (James, 2009). There has been a broad movement in the US towards the acceptance of IFRs, supported by the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB). The Security Exchange Commission (SEC) is also considering allowing US companies choose between US GAAP and IFRS when reporting to the SEC and may require that all US public companies utilize IFRS by the year 2016 and while no final decisions have been made, it is quite certain that the US will be moving away from the traditional GAAP and towards a convergence with IFRS(James, 2009). For several decades, global organisations such as the European Union (EU), International Organisation of Securities Commission (IOSCO) and the International Accounting Standards Commission (IASC) have supported international efforts to harmonize financial accounting standards and reporting(James, 2009). To some extent, the EU gave global convergence a kick-start when they made it compulsory for EU companies listed on an EU exchange prepare their consolidated accounts after Jan 2005, under IFRS (Gill and Rosen, 2007). In 2001, the IASC reorganized and the IASB was created. Harmonization efforts thereby shifted to globalization and in 2002, the FASB and IASB signed what is commonly referred to as the Norwalk Agreement, in which the two standard setting organisations agreed to work together to develop a high quality single set of accounting standard that would be used internationally for domestic and cross border financial reporting. It was agreed that to achieve this goal, they would e liminate existing differences between US GAAP and IFRS and coordinate their efforts on future standard setting projects. As a result of this, they are now compatible in many areas even though some significant differences still exist such as LIFO inventory cost valuation which is widely used in the US but is specifically prohibited under IFRS. Others like presentation, pre-operating and pre-opening costs, borrowing costs and fair value (Gill and Rosen, 2007) exist and have to be reconciled if a global set of standards are to emerge (FASB, 2002). POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ARISNG FROM ONE SET OF GLOBAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Having a single set of global accounting standards has its benefits. Firstly, a single set of high quality globally accepted financial accounting standard tends to serve the financial users better and would likely lead to the greatest comparability between companies (James, 2009). The SEC identifies comparability of financial information to investors as a key benefit. Firms choose to adopt IFRS in order to increase opportunities such as increasing the number of global customers and suppliers. US companies want to investigate the financial strength of these customers when establishing long term relationships and these can be facilitated through the use of one reporting standard Secondly, academic research suggests that investors prefer to invest in companies that use familiar standards. Firms that engage in international activities would benefit from convergence and are more likely to voluntarily adopt IFRS if they have more international interactions (Bradshaw et al., 2010). Furthermore, voluntary adoption of IAS reduces the tendency for investors to over invest in domestic stock and under invest in foreign stocks. This could suggest that foreign investment decisions are related to conformity of accounting methods with domestic accounting standards. US Companies will therefore benefit from convergence of US GAAP and IFRS given that IFRS has over 100 countries adopting to it , thereby increasing foreign investment (Bradshaw et al., 2010). One set of global accounting standards would lead firms to exhibit less earnings management, more timely, less recognition and more value relevant information. There would be improvement in accounting quality and also increased liquidity in markets because IFRS is considered a higher quality set of standards as evidenced by lower information asymmetry and greater liquidity (Bradshaw et al., 2010). Lastly, it allows US issuers greater opportunity to compete in global capital markets. Replacing the competing and often contradictory standards would improve investor confidence, allow investors draw better conclusions and simplify the process and cut costs for issuers (Gill and Rosen, 2007). However, having only one set of global accounting standards has its demerits. Adopting IFRS when material differences exist at both conceptual and magnitude level could pose great costs and can be detrimental to investors(Bradshaw et al., 2010). For smaller companies, challenges will arise when their clients are acquired by foreign owners wanting to file under IFRS and this will be due to the firms not being prepared for the change because they dont have the same resources as the big firms(Rahr et al., 2010). Secondly, transition is costly and time consuming especially for public accounting firms due to initial education and software modifications which will require time and money to compute when transition to IFRS takes place. Fees for advising companies by CPAs would be substantial (Rahr et al., 2010). Furthermore, it can lead to users of financial statements claiming that preparers claim that they used standards that are not reliable and that they dont have sufficient knowledge of IFRS, leading to litigation issues (Rahr et al., 2010). Lastly, US colleges and universities dont appear to be equipped to teach IFRS at a level necessary for near-term adoption of standards (Bradshaw et al., 2010). WOULD ONE SET OF GLOBAL STANDARDS BE APPROPRIATE FOR ALL COUNTRIES? Though having one set of accounting standards have their benefits, it may be naÃÆ'Â ¯ve to think that adopting one set of standards for all countries. Skills transferred from Anglo-American countries to developing countries may network because they are culturally irrelevant or dysfunctional in these developing countries (Perera 1989, Cited in Deegan 2001). Also, the IASC standards are strongly influenced by Anglo- American accounting models and thus tend to reflect the circumstances and patterns of thinking in a group of countries. They are likely to have problems of relevance in countries with different cultural environments from Anglo American countries (Craig Deegan, 2001). Lastly, efforts towards assisting countries, particularly the developing countries by providing them with a mechanism to use western style accounting systems may cause harm because UK professional bodies dont make concessions to overseas students and insist on a set of knowledge known to UK practice and are irrelevant and harmful if applied in the wrong way (Seminar note). ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A PRINCIPLE BASED APPROACH AND RULES BASED APPROACH FOR REGULATION OF FINANCIAL REPORTING. IFRS are generally principle based standards while the US GAAP is more rules based. They differ on a number of points and can affect an entitys reported results(Gill and Rosen, 2007). The rules based approach has been under fire of late due largely to the Enron Corporation failure whereby Arthur Anderson was seen as designing client-originated financial instruments that met the technical requirements of GAAP while violating the intent (Benston et al., 2006). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was then issued to improve financial reporting and protect investors and it requires that the SEC conduct a study on the adoption of a principles based set of accounting standards (James, 2009). Principle based approach encourage the use of professional judgement with a focus on what is right and not what is in the rules and thus discourages financial engineering. They have a better ability to cope with the speed of change of environment and they are also less voluminous and easier to understand as they provide latitude to financial statement preparers and are easier to conform with international standards(Moneywatch.com, 2002). However, the flexibility of principle-based approach leads to professional judgement calls when financial statements and audits are prepared and this could lead to financial restatements and increased litigation if the users disagree with the CPAs judgment. They can also be a significant loss of comparability among reporting entities because preparers and auditors are required to exercise judgement in accounting for transactions (Benston et al., 2006). The Rules based Approach are developed to meet demands of major constituents like management and auditors who want a clear answer to every perceivable accounting issue and this protects accountants from criticisms and lawsuits (Benston et al., 2006). There is also less need for explanation in financial statements and less room for interpretation which results in less complex and more transparent financial statements and it reduces problems in countries such as the US characterized by a litigious environment and dominated by a very legalistic framework as the rules are stated clearly (Benston et al., 2006). However, they are too voluminous as it comprises of over 2000 separate pronouncements which are several hundred pages long and issued in various forms and formats by numerous bodies (Gill and Rosen, 2007). Secondly, because of its detailed regulations, application of rules-based approach has led to a lack of transparency regarding matters like revenue recognition derivatives, off-balance sheet finance and the likes (Elliot and Elliot, 2006). Lastly, rules can become useless or dysfunctional when the economic environment changes or if managers create innovative transactions (Benston et al., 2006). CONCLUSION Convergence of IFRS and the US GAAP is in the best interest of US companies in the long run if it provides greater comparability and yields equal or higher quality standards. They both represent a high quality set of accounting standards in terms of mitigating information asymmetry and providing information important for valuation. However, its unclear whether IFRS provides equivalent financial reporting quality relative to US GAAP(Bradshaw et al., 2010).

Sir Gawain and Green Knight Essays: Triumph or Failure? :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

Sir Gawain: Triumph or Failure? Sir Gawain is presented as a noble knight who is the epitome of chivalry; he is loyal, honest and above all, courteous. He is the perfect knight; he is so recognised by the various characters in the story and, for all his modesty, implicitly in his view of himself. To the others his greatest qualities are his knightly courtesy and his success in battle. To Gawain these are important, but he seems to set an even higher value on his courage and integrity, the two central pillars of his manhood. The story is concerned with the conflict between his conception of himself and the reality. When Arthur's court was challenged by the Green Knight, Gawain alone offered to take the cup from Arthur's hands. He showed pride and courage greater than all - by coming forward. The poem is filled with opportunities in which Gawain inevitably was forced to face difficult decisions. During his travels he had every opportunity to turn around, especially when the rain and cold and desolation became fierce. Gawain, however, continued on his way. Three times did the lady tempt him and twice he managed to neither offend her with discourteousness nor accept her amorous advances and defile his chastity. "In destinies sad or merry, True men can but try." Tests and decisions are as numerous in any man's life as are the beats of his heart. The consequences follow him forever - he is judged by them and they affect his entire existence. However, judgement should not be passed on a man's single decisions individually, but only by observing how he has chosen to live his life. The circumstances under which each choice has been made should be considered as well. From the start Gawain was facing not only the ruination of his pride, his good name, and his spirit, but also almost certain death. As a result, he learns an essential, inescapable fact about himself and human nature - there is no shame in being imperfect. The true test of Gawain's bravery was to bare his neck to the Green Knight and finish their trading of blows. Even with his 'magic' girdle, Gawain flinched the first time. The second and third times he was able to hold steady and accept fate. After the ordeal the Green Knight ridiculed him for his weakness and fear.

Natural Products

Natural products isolated from various sources especially derived from plants, have long been used in treatment of human ailments. For long time, the approach to new drugs through natural products was proved to be the single most successful approach for the discovery of new drugs. Despite the initial success, chemical diversity and specific action on target, drug discovery from natural products, has been deemphasized by many pharmaceutical companies in favour of approaches based on combinatorial chemistry and genomics. Natural products have a large unexplored range of compounds, which is almost incredible to imitate, they will always remain a prospective source of future drug discovery (Gurnani et al., 2014). Nature have been explored by people in search of new drugs particularly plants. Medicinal plants have curative properties to treat various diseases due to this reason use the large number. Almost 95 % of the prescriptions were plant based in the traditional system of Unani,Homeopathy,Ayurveda and Siddha in Indian traditions. The study of plants continues principally for the discovery of unique secondary metabolites. Bark, leaves, flowers and seeds are any part of the plant may contain active compounds, plant products have been holding phytomedicines these can be derived from plant. In recent years, there has been a gradual revival of interest in the use of medicinal plants in developing countries because herbal medicines have been reported safe and without any adverse side effect especially when compared with synthetic drugs. Thus a search for new drugs with better and cheaper substitutes from plant origin is a natural choice. The medicinal values of these plants lie in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on human body (Savithrama et al., 2011). An oxidative stress is the result of free radicals, which form stable electron pairing with biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA in healthy human cells and cause protein and DNA damage along with lipid peroxidation. It is answerable for many of today's diseases that results from an imbalance between formation and neutralization of prooxidants. In defense against this oxidative stress, body have their own system including various enzymes, proteins, and vitamins, which are known as antioxidants (Aruna kumari and Sharma 2017). The method of scavenging of DPPH radicals was developed by Blois (1958). The method is rapid, inexpensive, simple, and the results are reproducible. This method has been widely used by various researchers to evaluate free radical scavenging activity of plants (Raghavendra et al., 2017). Bioinformatics is a key factor in rapid growing advanced in genomics, proteomics, medicine, drug invention and development. Bioinformatics has become a very significant part of different areas of biology is tool and technique to aid in the processing extraction and determination of large amount of raw data, textual mining of biological literature, analysis of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), Protein structure, Gene expression, Genetic genomic data and help analyze biological pathways that are imperative part of the system biology (Nahla et al., 2016).

Free Essays on What Motivates Me

My selves My five selves are physical, intellectual, social, emotional, and spiritual. My physical self is quite healthy because I fulfill the requirements Dave. Dave is the P.E. instructor. My intellectual self is interesting because I am mainly right-brained which means that I tend to use my creativity more than my mathematical skills. I am also a visual learner which is connected to me being right-brained. My social self consist of friends, family, and my surroundings. I spend most of my timeout with my friends. Whenever I am with my friends, I observe their behaviors and listen to their opinions. I am more of an independent type of person. Being with different people who have influenced me into appreciating different cultures and beliefs. I have learned things that have now been incorporated into my own set of beliefs and values. I greatly value freedom of thought, friends and family. My emotional self deals with feelings and my ability to handle the demands of life. The spiritual self is all about my beliefs, values, religion and my life philosophies. By satisfying the needs of all five selves, the result can be my happiness which is the ability to feel good about myself and others. Physical fitness is having ample energy and the ability to perform daily activities without being exhausted. My energy usually depends on the amount of sleep and food I get. If I have too much or too little sleep, I don't look forward to the day and am not enthusiastic about doing things. If I do not have a complete breakfast, it affects my energy level. When I have a good breakfast, and enough sleep, I can go through a whole day with enough energy and alertness to do many things. I have relatively good flexibility because I stretch a lot, well every morning with Dave. Which increases the range of movement around my joints. I have muscular strength which means I can lift medium/heavy amounts of weight a few times.. Althought I have muscular stre... Free Essays on What Motivates Me Free Essays on What Motivates Me My selves My five selves are physical, intellectual, social, emotional, and spiritual. My physical self is quite healthy because I fulfill the requirements Dave. Dave is the P.E. instructor. My intellectual self is interesting because I am mainly right-brained which means that I tend to use my creativity more than my mathematical skills. I am also a visual learner which is connected to me being right-brained. My social self consist of friends, family, and my surroundings. I spend most of my timeout with my friends. Whenever I am with my friends, I observe their behaviors and listen to their opinions. I am more of an independent type of person. Being with different people who have influenced me into appreciating different cultures and beliefs. I have learned things that have now been incorporated into my own set of beliefs and values. I greatly value freedom of thought, friends and family. My emotional self deals with feelings and my ability to handle the demands of life. The spiritual self is all about my beliefs, values, religion and my life philosophies. By satisfying the needs of all five selves, the result can be my happiness which is the ability to feel good about myself and others. Physical fitness is having ample energy and the ability to perform daily activities without being exhausted. My energy usually depends on the amount of sleep and food I get. If I have too much or too little sleep, I don't look forward to the day and am not enthusiastic about doing things. If I do not have a complete breakfast, it affects my energy level. When I have a good breakfast, and enough sleep, I can go through a whole day with enough energy and alertness to do many things. I have relatively good flexibility because I stretch a lot, well every morning with Dave. Which increases the range of movement around my joints. I have muscular strength which means I can lift medium/heavy amounts of weight a few times.. Althought I have muscular stre...

Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne The WritePass Journal

Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne Introduction Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction The term Internationalization is significant for the firms, but the knowledge of the companies which are new in this global market is quite limited. Now days we all listen and read a lot of things about Internationalization and globalization, but what these terms exactly mean? ‘‘Internationalization is basically planning and implementing the products or services in other countries according to local habits and choice, and it is quickly changing economic landscape, with growing supply of science and technology. (Kim, Daekwan, journal of international marketing, 2010)This essay is to determine acceleration of internationalization and how it affects organization, Economy, and customers, also identify and analyse factors that attracts company towards internationalization, based on incremental and knowledge based internationalization process (by Johanson and vahlne 1977) In economical terms expansion of business in international market is called as Internationalization, but there is no particular definition for it, it is very important for a company to understand the pattern of Internationalization, where the Internationalization comes after ‘‘stage approach in which company starts selling their products in home countries’’ and once settled in the market expands in different countries. (Elgar, Edward (2003). Learning in the Internationalisation Process of Firm) According to Uppsala Internationalization Model, by Johanson and vahlne,â€Å"Enterprise gradually increases its international involvement†, which means the company that plans to expand internationally first enters in neighboring countries, where the political systems, culture and language is not very different, known as ‘‘psychic distance’’.   Once company gains knowledge and experience to work in different country then it can gradually approach new market, according to this view, we get two different types knowledge one objective and other experience based, company initially starts with occasional export and then once settled in the market gradually enters in regular exports, Johanson and vahlne, consider the experience based knowledge to be more relevant, they says that ‘‘to built and understand commitments it is important to discover and make opportunities by involving other companies in their business’’. A firm process like ‘‘rings in the water’’ it is not only that firm settles business in home country but it expands in other countries steps by step. This stage model it identify four stages which are taken by a company for internationalization, 1. A company do not prefer regular export; 2.this export is done through an agent, 3.believes in offshore productions, 4. The offshore sales are not very important. Since many years companies are committing themselves to internationalization, even though it give easy availability of labour and growth in market and other opportunities, it is not a very easy process. When any country expands in other than their home country they need to understand the national as well as commercial culture, company must understand the reason of the cultural barriers (if any).this stage model theory can help company to gain vital information and resources. Joint venture also comes under Internationalization in some cases, as many big companies when enters new country it is been observed that they prefers to start in joint venture, for example. Walmart being world’s largest retail industry opened their first international store in Mexico in joint venture with Cifra, and they implemented this strategy in UK starting in joint venture with ASDA both these companies were the best retailers in their respective countries, and for almost every new country they started, this was the main strategy. Another example is, Finnish SME’S (small and medium enterprises). Study shows that some companies in Finland apply Uppsala internationalization model by first starting business in Sweden and then expanding in other countries, which helped them to expand smooth and steadily . So before internationalization a company needs to understand company’s world wide which can help them for further expansion. Keeping all these factors in mind I feel that the stage model theory by Johanson and Vahlne, can help a company to understand every aspect of internationalization, and before taking any step further, company will get time to think over their decisions which will prevent firm from facing any huge loss. Even though Uppsala internationalization theory by Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) do not cause any loss for any firm, it is being applied in some companies and also been avoided by some. It is said that this stage approach seems to be very parsimonious, and it has also been challenged and criticized about the data being limited to Scandinavian market. It was also questioned about theoretical validity about stage model and it claims that the theory has unnecessary repetition of the same statement and focus only on market knowledge, (Andersen 1993). There are also some studies which contradicts stage model, as many companies which do not follow stage model for internationalization, and their profit is much quicker than explained and expected by stage model. According to study of ‘‘OECD 1997 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)’’ the stage model was unable to explain different pattern use for internationalization or the early international expansion of the companies which is also known as ‘‘born global’’ (That is when company expands internationally from the beginning and do not follow any steps), ( FRONTIERS OF E-BUSINESS RESEARCH 2004). These particularly argue and appose incremental internationalization. The study of 87 US states shows that a company prefer to take risk than applying stage model, these ‘born global’ firms are most of the time technology based, and rises questions on stage model. It has not been proved that a company must have market knowledge to be successful internationally; concept of psychic distance was also accused as it is observer that many companies go for the risk where they can increase number of foreign market and gain profit. As we know, With time views and demands changes, and same applies with stage model theory, even though it is not harmful for any organization to expand or to take any decisions in steps, but now a days this theory is not considered to be a best way of expansion, though internationalization is considered to be complex and involves may dimensions it is accepted by many companies these days. There are many reasons for company to go international, the basic reason is growth or expansion, but companies also expand internationally for alternative source of employees, resources, ideas etc. Born global companies are â€Å"a business organization that, from inception, seeks to derive signiï ¬ cant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries† (Oviatt McDou- gall, 1994, p. 49). This born global concept was carried out in 1997, data was collected for some medium size Danish firms and the study proved that these born global firms had maximum foreign sale which was around 70%. Today Company seeks internationalization or rather to be born global more than before, ‘‘it is due to the fast growing economic integration and independency of countries worldwide’’. There are many companies that began their business with the traditional approach but now they follow born global strategies in business. For example Nokia which is a communication corporation (mobile manufacturer) is Finland based company but serves worldwide, with annual revenue more than $42 billion from their international market, and $2 billion, do not apply stage model theory and is one of the loved brand in India. Emirates airlines which is one of the latest airlines in middle east, this airline operates one of the worlds non-stop commercial flights, a very good example of a company which totally implements born global strategy. Emirate airline has a very attractive business model, which is a key factor for company’s international growth. with great emphasis on quality company has also moved into resorts and tourism space, as 2004 it was one of the highest profits earning company. (Gang, yu. 1997 operation research in the airline industry) Australian export manufacturer small and medium size firms are on the top list of the born global companies, they have proved that it is not impossible to succeed internationally without an established domestic base. These companies didn’t achieve their success in steps but they are born global. Their growth rate is growing 25percent throughout five years. There are many examples in favour of born global concept, but some companies still believe in stage model due to some financial losses faced by them in internationalization, for example Starbucks as they closed 200 shops in US due to loss. Even though we have entered a stage where there is very less cross border trade barriers and due to transportation and telecommunication it is not very convenient to go global. With all of this information discussed above, we understand that internationalization is a long and demanding process, which needs management and resources to be successful in market. A company needs to be totally committed   towards their resources as the degree of commitment is higher the more resources are expected and if not then there will be a risk of shut down, there has to be a different business model to understand international market. In born global concept there may occur some cross culture issues, language barriers especially for small firms. Being born global a firm needs to consider, huge financial back up, which is not practically possible for a small firm, and franchising may result in less control and there is always risk about maintaining quality. (Branding capability of technology born gl obal, 27th June 2010) There are advantages and some disadvantages in the theories, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept.   according to stage model theory a company should expand step by step, which will help company to understand the market conditions, cultural differences, and then expand in countries which are physically not very far,(geographically near). Which sounds fare enough, because any company whether it is small, medium or huge in size do not want to face any loss. On other hand with rapid growth in internationalization every company is trying to be global. Some of them are born global firms, where firm starts business internationally from beginning or within two years, without any practical knowledge about the market. This may or may not lead to success. Conclusion: From the above discussion about internationalization which is been discussed in two parts, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept   with reference to many journals ,I understand that   accelerating   economy, technology, information, manufacturing process ,and global competition are forcing companies for internationalization and is considered to be one of the most important factor to grow in industry. Considering both stage model and born global model can built a good foundation for a company. Application of stage model will give knowledge about the market, time to understand the culture, company can learn from their competitor’s mistakes, foreign business drawbacks and opportunities can be gained by other firms experience, it is very important especially for a small firm because it is been observer that when a small firm enters global market it faces more loss than any profit. As being a global company it involves huge amount of investment. Since it takes time to gain knowledge about international business environment it will be a slow n steady process but on other hand where new market conditions demands fast growth and quick internationalization, if a company want to star as born global, it needs to study all these points which affects growth of business. If a company starts analysing market conditions before entering global market it can prevent them from facing cultural, technological and overall issues which can affect sale. So combining both the theories together in a convenient way for every individual company, keeping market knowledge, history, demands, environment, culture, language in mind a company can built a strong foundation even in international market. I strongly believe that if conditions of knowledge and experience specified in Uppsala model is considered before being born global company can be at the top in international market. References: Ruey,J. And Kim,b. (2010), Drivers and Performance Outcomes of Relationship Learning for Suppliers in Cross-Border Customer–Supplier Relationships, journal of international marketing, Vol. 18 Issue 1, (pg.63-85) Kalev, K. (2010). Understanding accelerated internationalization, integrating theories for analysis for internationalization path. Economics Management,(pg 556-561) Caniana,D. Internationalization of the firm: stage approach vs. global approach Gianpaolo Baronchelli, PH.d. in Marketing for Business Strategy,University of Bergamo, Faculty of Economics, Department of Business Administration.Bergamo,ITALY Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms, California Management Reviewz2010, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p114-135, 22p, Johanson Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson Vahlne (1977). Learning in the internationalization process of firms (2009) (pg.  261). Luostarinen (1979) Learning in the internationalization process of firms (p.  261) http://books.google.com/books?id=e_gkLdF1ocwCprintsec=frontcover#PPA260,M1 Retrieved 2009-03-21. Bhowmick, S. (2004) Towards Understanding Small Firm Internationalisation –Technology Based SME Focus, frontiers of e-business research. Westhead, P. Wright, M. Ucbasaran.D. And Martin, F.   International Market Selection Strategies of Manufacturing and Services Firms, institute for Enterprise and Innovation, Nottingham University Business School, Rasmussen,E.S.(2001) Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics The founding of the Born Global company in Denmark and Australia: sense making and networking Vol. 13 Issue: 3, (pg.75 107) Gang, yu. 1997 operation research in the airline industry. Rennie,M.W. (nov. 1993) born global,   mckinseyquarterly.com Dr.Thomas,J. (JULY 24,2010)   how Starbucks Downsizing in the USA Impacts Global Growth Strategy.BUSINESS 401-INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Laine, A. A Process model of internationalization –new times demands new pattern   Department of Management and Organization, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration Altshuler.L, (27th June 2010). Branding capability of technology, born global journal of Brand Management (2010) volume 18, (pg212–227). Baronchelli,G. (2004) Toward a Typology of Commitment   States Among Managers of Born-Global Firms,   Strategic Approach to Internationalization, Journal of International Marketing Vol. 12, (pg. 57–81) Holtbrà ¼gge, D. and Enßlinger, B. Evolution of global management knowledge, Initiating Forces and Success Factors of Born Global Firms volume 5. Jan,J. And vahlne, J, E. The internationalization process of the firm.   International Executive, Winter78, Vol. 20 Issue 1,(pg 19-21) McNaughton, R.B. (2003) Business relationship learning and commitments in the internationalization process, Journal of international entrepreneurship 1. (Pg 83-101) Zook, M. and Graham,m. (2006). Wal-Mart Nation: Mapping the Reach of a Retail Colossus In Brunn, Stanley D. Wal-Mart World: The Worlds Biggest Corporation in the Global Economy Routledge. (pp.  15–25) Bilkey, W. J. and Nes, E. (1982), â€Å"Country-Of-Origin Effects On Product Evaluations†, Journal of International Business Studies, Spring/Summer, Vol. 13, No. 1, (pp. 89-99.)

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